An invasive Ariophantid species from India
Yen-Chen Lee1 & Wen-lung Wu2
1. Department of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University
2. Research Center of Biodiversity , Academia Sinica.
Received Oct. 23, 2006; accepted Dec. 25, 2006
Abstract
In 2000 an unknown large Ariophantid species was found in Pingtung County . The shell morphology is very similar to native species Petalochlamys formosana (Schmacker et Boettger, 1891). But the soft part is quite different. In this paper we will describe its taxonomy, ecology, food, morphology, anatomy and effect on the environment of Taiwan .
Materials and Methods
The snails were collected and recorded its locality. The specimens were brought to the laboratory, well relaxed and immersed in boiling water, than dissected to exam its reproductive system. Measured the following morphometric items: shell length (SL), shell width (SW), apertural length (APL) and apertural width (APW).
Results
Family Ariophantidae Godwin-Austen, 1888
Subfamily Macrochlamydinae Godwin-Austen, 1888
Genus Macrochlamys Benson, 1832 in Gray, 1847
Species hippocastaneum Godwin-Austen, 1918
Ecology: This species was first found in 2000 in Pingtung. It may import to Taiwan before 2000 with rose from India . In 2004, it can be found in Taichung , Shinju, Taipei . In 2005, it had spread to Yilan and Hualian. This species can be easily found in public garden, wasteland near urban area, traffic island and vegetable farm. The population size is more than 10 individuals per square meter, observe on a wasteland of Nei-hu District Taipei in 2005. According to the distributing data, the species seems transgress local dispersal filter. It is widespread and dominant, consensus to stage V of invasive species definition (Colautti & MacIsaac, 2004).
Food: they feed carrot, sweet potato in laboratory. In field, they feed almost all herbaceous plants, even defoliations.
Shell: globosely conoid, finely perforate, polished; no sculpture except unclear growth striae, quite smooth and glassy; color yellowish brown; spire conic, apex blunt, suture impressed, whorl 5-6, rather rapidly increasing, rounded on the periphery; aperture broadly lunate, nearly vertical; peristome thin, columellar margin thin, scarcely reflected near umbilicus.(Fig. 1A )
Reproductive system: Penial sheath (PS) well developed, with a volute structure at the epiphallus (EP) site terminal. Epiphallus is slender than penial sheath. Penial appendix (PA) as wide as epiphallus. Vas deferens (VD) slender separates from the connection between penial appendix and epiphallus, extends and connects at outer wall of oviduct (OV) at the distal end of brown color prostatic gland (PG). Vagina (VA) short and large in diameter, divding clavate shaped spermatheca (SP) from its posterior. Dart (DT) gently swell toward the dart sac (DS) site and contracted at the junction between dart and dart sac. Dart sac slender and 3 times long as dart length. (Fig. 3)
Discussion
Macrochlamys hippocastaneum is very similar to native species Petalochlamys formosana (Schmacker et Boettger, 1891) (Fig. 1B) in shell morphology. P. formosana increased its whorl width rapider than the former. The body whorl width is 3 times of penultimate whorl in P. formosana. In M. hippocastaneum, body whorl width is 2 times of penultimate whorl. Besides, the aperture width of M. hippocastaneum is half wide of shell width. The aperture width of P. formosana is larger than half wide of shell width. The former with slender gray-yellow mantle lop (Fig. 2), but P. formosana with wide expand mantle lop, which has black spot on it.
There is no report about agricultural loss cause by M. hippocastaneum till now. By the reasons of polyphagia of this species and the huge population size, this species is a potentially destructive pest such as Pomacea canaliculata (Apple snail). To reduce the huge loss in horticultural and agricultural industry of Taiwan , an effective quarantine system should be established to control the invasive species.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to appreciate Mr. Wen-Der Chen for their generous donations of the specimen shells.
References
Colautti, R. I. & MacIsaac, H. J. 2004. A neutral terminology to define invasive species. Diversity and Distributions 10: 135–141.
Godwin-Austen, H.H. 1918. Zoological results of the Abor expedition, 1911-12. Records of the Indian Museum 8: 581-600.
一入侵種絲鱉甲蝸牛科(Ariophantidae)蝸牛描述
李彥錚1‧巫文隆2
1. 台灣師範大學生命科學系
2. 中央研究院生物多樣性中心
關鍵字：入侵種、絲鱉甲蝸牛科、台灣、高音符絲鱉甲蝸牛
高音符絲鱉甲蝸牛最早於2000在屏東的檳榔園下發現，本種原產於印度，根據防檢局的進出口記錄，我國曾從印度進口玫瑰，推測本種可能是由玫瑰挾帶進入台灣。本種非常像台灣原生之台灣鱉甲蝸牛，然本種的外套延伸物成絲狀，而台灣鱉甲蝸牛的則成片狀，其外殼也略為不同，前者次體層寬約為體層寬之1/2，後者次體層寬約為體層寬之1/3。
本種於實驗室飼養時餵食紅蘿蔔及甘薯，而其在野外幾乎可以啃食各種草本植物，甚至是落葉都吃。雖然截至目前為止，未有本種造成農業損失的報告；然以本種的廣食性及其龐大的族群(2005年曾於內湖一荒地觀察到大於10隻/m2的族群密度)本種極有可能造成非常嚴重的農業災害，其破壞力可能不小於福壽螺。
- 留言者: qqq
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- 日期: 2013-05-20 23:28:11
[版主回覆06/11/2013 16:01:51]會再爬上來
- 留言者: kibby
- Email: js93134js93134@yahoo.com.tw
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- 日期: 2011-12-08 20:57:51
[版主回覆12/08/2011 21:44:50]第一排第二個可能不是，其他都是。
- 留言者: kibby
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- 日期: 2011-12-04 07:52:32
可以幫我鑑定一下蝸牛嗎？
http://blog.xuite.net/ccy1217/fossil/54832066
Minnie的化石世界 敬上12/4
[版主回覆12/05/2011 08:01:00]
第一種是高音符絲鱉甲蝸牛
第二種是馬氏沒錯
- 留言者: 荒野小男孩
- Email: ykhuang50@yahoo.com.tw
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- 日期: 2011-07-19 13:14:47
請教您,
文章中"次體層寬約為體層寬之...",
是不是殼口寬度佔殼寬的比例的意思？
如果是的話,
高音符絲鱉甲蝸牛的空殼要如何與青鱉甲蝸牛區分？
因為您的大作"台灣蝸牛圖鑑"中,
並沒有列高音符絲鱉甲蝸牛,
而且圖鑑中也寫道青虌甲蝸牛的殼口寬度佔殼寬1/2,
除了此特徵外,
還可以依據哪一些特徵辨識這兩種蝸牛呢？
謝謝
[版主回覆07/19/2011 20:41:36]
不是，是從殼頂方向看，我圖鑑上台灣鱉甲蝸牛p176頁，1a、1b、1c便是絲鱉甲，當時鑑定錯誤，我後來有一勘誤表，您能不能留下您的email我寄給您。
青鱉甲的殼口很大，螺塔也較高，重點是軟體完全不同。
- 留言者: TPR's蘭壽工坊
- Email: japanranchu@yahoo.com.tw
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- 日期: 2008-10-16 15:19:06
Snail Prince 您好 ~ 呵呵 ~還專家厲害用聽的就知道~ 昨天再抓另一隻起來研究, 我看到的"寄生蟲"原來是外套膜!!!! 難怪電影中有人被自己的影子嚇死!! 
但為何那外套膜需要身長觸鬚伸往殼中心探觸?? 看似吸血蟲再找獵物的探伸!? 
噁~
下圖我畫紅線的地方 : http://xs.to/xs.php?h=xs132&d=08424&f=p1090311a270.jpg
還有我說的另一種白點寄生蟲, 這我確定有看到~ 蝸牛剛抓起時蝸牛會緊張, 將類氣孔關閉, 這時白點也開始緊張, 亂竄, 直到蝸牛在次打開氣孔時..... 就鑽入躲起來! 這白點太小跑太快我拍不起來! 大小約精鹽顆粒ㄧ半大~
躲入的氣孔: http://xs.to/xs.php?h=xs232&d=08424&f=p1090313s441.jpg
再請教這兩隻是同品種嗎? 不同地點抓的 , 左邊這隻較像你這篇主題的主角在家裡抓的, 右邊在養魚的地方抓的!
http://xs.to/xs.php?h=xs232&d=08424&f=p1090342a933.jpg
打擾了~
養魚有任何問題，歡迎隨時找我 ~ 知識交流 ~ 
[版主回覆10/19/2008 21:14:54]
1.您看了會噁，蝸牛的獵物看了也會，依我看或多或少有警告獵食者的意味
2.嗯，應該是一些蜱螨類，對人無太大害處
3.左邊是扁蝸牛，右邊是高音符絲鱉甲蝸牛
- 留言者: TPR's蘭壽工坊
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- 日期: 2008-10-13 22:18:26
Snail Prince 您好 ~ 又來打擾了
我看到的"寄生蟲" 有3隻身體細長, 光滑 , 末端有類似嘴吻的開口~ 長的與紅箭頭指的不太ㄧ樣!
這幾天天氣較冷, 都沒看到他們出來閒逛 ! 那天把玩的那ㄧ隻已經被我下鹽"醃漬" 起來了!
明天再去養魚桶子下努理找ㄧ隻出來拍 !
[版主回覆10/14/2008 09:57:09]
您看到的應該是這種，而寄生蟲也應該是外套膜，蝸牛殼上應該沒有大到能讓您看到的外寄生蟲，要注意的倒是他肌肉內的肺吸蟲及線蟲。
您的魚養的很棒哩
